缅北强奸

The Broad Scope of Contemporary Poetry: Review of Ashley M. Jones's听dark / / thing听and Julia Guez's听In an Invisible Glass Case Which is Also A Frame

Amie Whittemore

Reviewed:听Ashley M. Jones's听dark / / thing听(Pleiades Press, 2019) and Julia Guez's听In an Invisible Glass Case Which is Also A Frame听(Four Way Books, 2019)

If one could choose their poetic parents, I鈥檇 want to be the lovechild of Elizabeth Bishop鈥檚 acuity, Dean Young鈥檚 irreverence, and Lucie Brock-Broido鈥檚 bewildering lyrics. While I鈥檒l spend a lifetime trying to achieve that trifecta, I was fortunate enough to spend the last weeks of summer with two poets who speak to my capacious desire for clarity, humor, grit, allusion, and enigmatic leaps. In Ashley M. Jones鈥檚听dark // thing听and Julia Guez鈥檚听In an Invisible Glass Case Which is Also A Frame, both poets are in conversation with the past and its complicated inheritances, with current sociocultural trends, as well as with the self as a site of discovery; yet, their explorations are structured in remarkably different ways, making the act of reading them together marvelously evocative.

Jones鈥檚 poems are preoccupied with issues of race, gender, pop culture, place and the historical contexts in which these concerns are embedded. She moves from incisive indictments of white supremacy to loving tenderness toward herself, her family, and pop culture icons such as听A Different World鈥檚听Dwayne Wayne, weaving humor and tragedy together deftly. Jones is an accomplished formalist; not only does she work in established forms, both recent (there鈥檚 a couple partial golden shovels) and historical (sestinas, a villanelle, and an ode for instance), she invents forms herself (geometric theorem as poem, for instance, and a 鈥榮lurret,鈥� a sonnet-ish form, which Jones conceives as a 鈥�.鈥� This interplay between inheritance and invention, between freedom and confinement, not only calls to task the literary canon and the ways it has been complicit in white supremacy and patriarchy, but also rebels against these oppressions:听, after all, sings fiercely of freedom.

Several poems use black manhood as a site to explore these themes. For instance, in a poem early in the collection, 鈥淢y Grandfather Returns as Oil,鈥� the speaker considers the complications of direct and indirect knowledge: 鈥淚 only knew my grandfather / through stories, through the darkness / seeping out of my grandma鈥檚 tender eyes,鈥� whereas her grandfather鈥檚 children 鈥渒new him / as the throbbing print of his hand on [my grandmother鈥檚] cheek, on her nose, just soft enough to break.鈥� This handed-down knowledge of her grandfather鈥檚 abuse, makes the speaker question what she鈥檚 inherited: 鈥渋s that your blood creeping through my heart鈥� / rage viscous and unyielding, crude and dangerous as oil鈥�?鈥� This clear-eyed curiosity about鈥攁nd often indictment of鈥攈istory, and the negative repercussions it has on self, family, and community, is present throughout the collection; however, Jones also offers moments of celebration and triumph as counterpoint.

For instance, in another poem focused on black manhood, 鈥淭o the Black Man Popping a Wheelie on Interstate 59 North on 4th of July Weekend,鈥� the speaker celebrates this audacious motorcyclist:

I move my car to your lane, just to catch

a speck of your sweat, glean some of the cool

from the air passing over your helmet,

under your billowing shirt.

I wonder, does this make us more free?

You, the empty road, your blackness

making room for itself here, taking up space

By the end of the poem, the black man moves from 鈥渢aking up space鈥� to entering it: the speaker imagines him as he slips 鈥渙nto the runway / and take off into the air, / sprout black feathers and eclipse the setting sun鈥擺.]鈥� In this ending that doesn鈥檛 end鈥攏o period stops this line, the poem鈥檚 final sentence鈥擩ones鈥檚 speaker points towards a vision of blackness that 鈥渆clipses鈥� the 鈥済lossy shadow[s]鈥� of 鈥淢y Grandfather Returns鈥�;鈥� this vision is one of expansive, exclamatory power that moves beyond rage into the sublime without losing its sociocultural context, without ignoring the many forces that attempt to make this man, and Jones鈥檚 speaker, 鈥榣ess free.鈥�

While these gestures toward the sublime are often associated with black men in the collection (鈥淪ongs of My Muhammed鈥� is another example), Jones鈥檚 speaker also shares in these moments; the sonnet(-ish) crown 鈥�(Black) Hair鈥� offers one of these moments in its final section. Here, the speaker, who in early sections of the poem feels limited by her hair, now characterizes it as 鈥渁 little black crown, a circle, one curly arm reaching out to grab itself, unbent by the wind or the tourniquet of a pink foam roller or the hungry teeth of the hot, hot comb鈥�.When I finally cut it off, I was bigger than my hair, bigger than the curls weaving into themselves atop my head. When hair goes, the spirit doesn鈥檛 go with it.鈥� Here the speaker claims this expansiveness she witnesses in others for herself.

Indeed, one of the things I admire most about this collection is how participatory the speaker is; while sometimes engaged in acts of witness to both the humorous and the horrifying, she is also a participant, for instance, by personifying history (she enters the voice of Harriet Tubman), or examining her own complicity, as in 鈥淚mitation of Life.鈥� In this poem, the speaker thinks she sees an animal in the road, though it turns out it was 鈥渏ust a lifeless sheet of polyethylene.鈥� This is what 鈥渟cares me most,鈥� she writes, 鈥渢hat I didn鈥檛 even swerve / to avoid it, / its body, real or not, / inching across the asphalt.鈥� In this quotidian moral dilemma, we are shown that 鈥渢he only difference / between living and dead / is a trick of the light.鈥� Here, the slender space between grief and joy, freedom and confinement is shown to be illusory: grief overlays every joy, and every freedom is defined by what attempts to confine it; we must live here, together, in this palimpsest, Jones鈥檚 book suggests, asking us as it does so, to be better, to be deserving of these smart and gracious poems.

While also smart and gracious, Julia Guez鈥檚 poems inhabit a vastly different ecosystem from Jones鈥檚. Whereas Jones鈥檚 poems are grounded in place (particularly her home of Alabama), Guez鈥檚 poems seem to reside in, as the title suggests, 鈥渁n invisible glass case.鈥� They are of this world, but removed from it. They are brainy. They are difficult; my multiple readings leave me feeling as if I can only approximate understanding of this project, of the movements across the book鈥檚 three sections. Still, the beauty of the language, the intelligence guiding it鈥擨 trust these. These poems allow me to be pleasantly听.

Guez evokes this comfortable discomfort through a speaker who is at once enigmatic and straightforward. In 鈥淲hat It Might鈥檝e Been Like to Come of Age in the South,鈥� the poem begins, 鈥渢he truth, I want to say, is as follows. / But I can鈥檛,鈥� immediately assuring us that the speaker is as uncertain, even perplexed as we are by the poem, its conditional premise: why 鈥渕ight鈥� this be a coming of age story? Why isn鈥檛 it one? The rest of the poem is a single sentence distributed across multiple lines, where the speaker suggests that the struggle (of coming to age?) is (?) a matter of 鈥渘ot finding // enough // gentleness and/or humor / to go on,鈥� creating problems for even 鈥渢he nimblest / interpreter.鈥� Here we receive a partial ars poetica for the collection as it navigates anxiety, despair, and a pervasive sadness, with gentleness, humor, and a sense that any language used to describe being alive is an act of translation and interpretation and thus fallible and partial.

Like Jones, Guez relies on formal structures to heighten her thematic concerns; both poets put their own twist on these formal constraints/guides. For instance, Guez includes two Epithalamiums, or wedding poems, in section II, but they are destabilized interpretations of the form; while, historically a 鈥�,鈥� there is only a vague sense of praise in the first 鈥淓pithalamium:鈥�

Moon over Massachusetts, you are so civil.

You exceed expectation.

We can do without a week in Martinique,

Glenlivet and cunnilingus:

this is not a film.

As this excerpt suggests, this poem is not particularly exuberant in its praise; consisting of four couplets, three of the six verbs are 鈥渢o be鈥� verbs, the rest are 鈥渆xceed, can, and need,鈥� suggesting that the action associated with a wedding exists in the tension between being and striving. However, those actions are not characterized with much hope: within the poem鈥檚 six sentences are three negatives: 鈥渨ithout,鈥� 鈥渘ot,鈥� and 鈥渘o.鈥� The poem even begins with 鈥淟eave the lily听alone鈥� (emphasis mine). This restraint, this queering of expectations surrounding marriage and poems in celebration of it, renders visible the 鈥渋nvisible glass case which is also a frame:鈥� we are shown how our expectations around form limit form鈥檚 possibilities (just as, our expectations around marriage may also limit our experience of that state鈥�). The poem, if it praises anything, praises inhabiting this liminal space, this geography where expectation is confounded by the fundamental weirdness of living.

The final section of听Invisible Glass Case鈥� is half the length of the prior two, consisting of only six poems (rather than twelve). It is also the most hopeful section, its slimness, perhaps, evoking the precarity of that hope. The opening poem of the section, 鈥淎mbiguous Gifts, As What the Gods Give Must Be,鈥� begins by listing why this 鈥渕ust be鈥� the way with the gods鈥� gifts, which 鈥渙we much, in our case / to Kalder and Brahms, // Kistler鈥檚 Cuvee // Elizabeth and sex with the same person // over a period of many years鈥斺�� and transition into considering 鈥渆very last schism between // our physical wills and our actual / capacities.鈥� Thus, Guez sheds some light on the collection鈥檚 poems, which are also ambiguous gifts: the poems themselves inhabit the 鈥渟chism鈥� between the physical and the abstract, between what can be said and what can be only 鈥榝ramed.鈥� And, yes, anxiety, exists in this liminality, as much of the book contends, but so does epiphany (as in 鈥淜atabasis鈥�), awe, and, even, sometimes, despite ourselves, joy.

To read these books side by side is a celebration of the broad scope of contemporary poetry. I loved reveling in Jones鈥檚 nods to听Family Matters听and A听Different World听as much as I enjoyed looking up many new-to-me words in Guez鈥檚 collection. Through Jones鈥檚 narratives and Guez鈥檚 lyrics, both poets accomplish what I most relish in poetry: they help me understand the human condition by reminding me we harm ourselves when we harm each other, that we each are culpable and complicated, that we all reside in some measure of ambiguity, in the boundary waters of the (un)knowable.